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- 肺结节病人如有纵隔和肺门淋巴结明显增大,将需要请相应专科会诊。
- 如在筛查中,上述结节高度怀疑恶性者,则需行组织学活检或手术切除,而对于恶性可能较低者,推荐相隔3 个月复查LDCT。需注意,PET/CT 检查有一定局限性,结节实性成分直径<8 mm 及位置接近膈肌均会导致诊断灵敏度降低,且在真菌病流行区域,PET/CT 检查假阳性结果较多。
- 对于支气管腔内生长的实性结节,建议1 个月内复查LDCT(若患者出现剧烈咳嗽症状时,建议立即复查),未见吸收者,推荐行支气管镜检查以明确结节性质。若活检未获得有效诊断结果,而结节疑为恶性,可再次行活检,或行外科切除,或3 个月后再行LDCT 复查。
- 如实性结节内包含肯定的良性钙化、提示错构瘤的脂肪成分以及疑诊炎症的多发结节,可不按照上述策略进行随访。疑诊炎症者,可1~3 个月后复查LDCT。多数情况下,疑诊为Ⅰ或Ⅱ期肺癌的患者(基于风险评估和影像学征象)无需在手术前获取病理诊断,而疑诊非肿瘤性病变时,常需活检。
- 随访中新增实性结节(新增结节定义为平均直径≥4 mm),其恶性可能性显著高于初次筛检出直径相同的实性结节,故应采取更为严格的随访策略。
- 随访过程中,结节直径增大超过 1.5 mm,方能判定为实性结节增大。
- 随访中实性结节增大,但直径仍未超过 8 mm 时,推荐 3 个月后复查LDCT。
- 随访中增大的实性结节,当直径≥8 mm时,推荐行常规剂量胸部增强CT 和(或)PET/CT 筛查以明确结节性质,对于其中高度怀疑恶性可能者,需行组织学活检或手术切除,活检确定非肺癌者,推荐年度LDCT 复查,而恶性可能较低者,推荐 3 个月后复查LDCT。
参考文献
- NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Lung Cancer Screening. 2021. Version 1. LCS-4,LCS-9
- NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. 2021. Version 5. DIAG-1
- ACCP. Diagnosis and Management of Lung Cancer,3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2013
- 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会.中国临床肿瘤学会 (CSCO) 非小细胞肺癌诊疗指南. 2020.
- ACCP. Evaluation of Individuals With Pulmonary Nodules: When Is It Lung Cancer?Evaluation of Individuals With Pulmonary Nodules: Diagnosis and Management of Lung Cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(5_suppl):e93S-e120S. doi:10.1378/chest.12-2351
- Veronesi G,Bellomi M,Mulshine JL,et a1.Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography:a non-invasive diagnostic protocol for baseline lung nodules[J].Lung Cancer,2008,61(3):340-349.doi:10.1016/j.1ungcan.2008.01.001.
- Irsk J. Anderson, MD; Andrew M. Davis, MD, MPH. Incidental Pulmonary Nodules Detected on CT Images JAMA December 4, 2018 Volume 320, Number 21
- MacMahon H, Naidich DP, Goo JM, et al. Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images:From the Fleischner Society 2017. Radiology 2017;284:228-243.
- Pinsky PF, Gierada DS, Black W, et al. Performance of Lung-RADS in the National Lung Screening Trial: a retrospective assessment. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:485-491.
- Herder, GJ et al. Chest 2005;128:2490-2496
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