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[诊断] 小细胞肺癌的分子分型(综述)

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阳光肺科 发表于 2024-7-10 01:54:42 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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1. 胃泌素释放肽前体(precursor of gastrin-releasing peptide,proGRP) 和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron specific enolase,NSE)是 SCLC 诊断以及治疗效果监测的重要肿瘤标志物。研究证实,胃泌素释放肽是 SCLC 组织的重要产物,其在血清里的前体可被稳定检测。SCLC 可表现为神经内分泌细胞的特性,因此 NSE 往往会有过量表达。联合检测 proGPR 和 NSE 可以提高 SCLC 的诊断率,在局限期 SCLC 治疗有效的情况下,这两个值会随之下降[2-4]。
2. 肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutation burden,TMB) 可能预测免疫检查点抑制剂疗效, 利用 NGS多基因组合估测 TMB 是临床可行的方法[5]。免疫治疗在 SCLC 中已取得一定疗效。Ⅰ/ Ⅱ期 CheckMate032 研究证实,纳武利尤单抗 + 伊匹木单抗治疗高 TMB 患者有效率可达 46.2%,1 年 PFS 率为 30.0%,显著优于低、中 TMB 亚组[6]。在组织标本不足时,利用 NGS 检测循环血肿瘤细胞 DNA(ctDNA) 进行 TMB 估测是潜在可行的技术手段之一[7-8]。
3. 目前针对 SCLC 尚无批准的靶向药物或指导治疗的标志物。替莫唑胺(temozolomide) 在复发性 SCLC 中有一定的疗效,脑转移、MGMT(O-6- 甲基鸟嘌呤 -DNA- 甲基转移酶) 基因甲基化阳性患者可能疗效更好[6,9-10]。国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration, NMPA) 已于 2019 年批准人类 MGMT 基因甲基化检测试剂盒(荧光 PCR 法) 用于定性检测石蜡切片样本中 MGMT 的甲基化状态。
4. 在 SCLC 中,DNA 损伤修复相关基因(如 BRCA1/2) 突变并不常见,不能用来预测 PARP 抑制剂疗效[11]。研究表明,PARP 依赖的碱基剪切修复是替莫唑胺耐药重要机制之一[12],替莫唑胺联合 PARP 抑制剂 veliparib 与替莫唑胺联合安慰剂相比,虽然未能明显延长 PFS 和 OS,但显著提高了 SCLC 患者 ORR(39% vs. 14%,P=0.016)。Schlafen-11(SLFN11) 调控 DNA 损伤应答和复制应激,可在多种癌症中预测 DNA 损伤机制,化疗药物[13]和 PARP 抑制剂敏感性[11,14-15]。 SLFN11 蛋白表达与替莫唑胺联合 veliparib 治疗患者的 PFS 和 OS 显著相关,有望成为 PARP 抑制剂治疗 SCLC 疗效的预测标志物[9]。
5. 循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs) 是指在循环血液中存在的具有肿瘤特征的细胞。 CTCs 作为一种代表原发肿瘤的“液态活检标本”,可实时、动态、无创性地对 SCLC 患者病情进行监测。研究证实 SCLC 细胞分裂周期短、增殖快,易进入血液循环继而发生远处转移, CTCs 在 SCLC 人群中检出率为 67%~86%,检测 CTCs 有助于正确判断疾病临床分期,以便选择合适的治疗方案、指导 SCLC 患者的个体化治疗、监测肿瘤复发与转移、判定治疗效果及预测预后生存,同时也是分析耐药分子机制及解决肿瘤异质性的一种手段[16-22]。
6. 对于混有 NSCLC 成分的复合型 SCLC,推荐不吸烟的广泛期患者进行分子检测,以协助明确诊断和评估潜在的靶向治疗方案。
7. 低钠血症(血 Na+ < 135mmol/L)是 SCLC 常见并发症之一。回顾性研究发现,伴有低钠血症的
SCLC 患者 OS 显著低于血钠正常的患者[23-24];纠正低钠血症可能增大 SCLC 患者生存获益[25-26]。
8. 研究表明,对于局限期 SCLC 患者,放疗前血小板 / 淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, P/L ratio) 与其 OS 显著相关,P/L ratio 每增加 1,HR 随之上升 1.001[27],但还需进一步在临床中验证。
9. 目前针对 SCLC 尚无临床应用的指导药物治疗的分子分型标志物。利用 PDX、CDX 模型及细胞系进行转录组学、蛋白质组学以及磷酸化组学的研究发现,高神经内分泌评分的 nmf1 亚型对 ATR、TOP1 抑制剂和依托泊苷 + 顺铂(EP) 敏感。高受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK) 信号活性、高 EMT 评分的 nmf3 亚型对安罗替尼敏感。MYC 高表达且与 AURKA 扩增相关的 nmf4 亚型对极光激酶抑制剂(alisertib、barasertib 和 AMG-900) 更敏感[28]。
RB1 缺失与生存差显著相关(P=0.002 1)。ZFHX3 突变患者比野生型患者有更好生存(P=0.073),NCT04539977 和 NCT04542369 证实 ZFHX3 突变患者可能从 PD-1/PD-L1 联合化疗
新辅助治疗中获益。高TMB 患者有更好 OS(P=0.006 8)。质谱分析及免疫组化分析均证实肿瘤中高 HMGB3 与较差生存相关(P=0.004 6,P=0.037),低 CASP10 与较好预后相关(P=0.001 4, P=0.01)。高 CHEK1 和 S317 磷酸化与较差生存显著相关(P=0.005 9,P=0.028)。cGAS-STING 通路相关蛋白丰度越高生存越好(STING,P=0.006 4;CCL5,P=0.000 31;CXCL10,P=0.000 798; TBK1,P=0.014;IRF3,P=0.043)。大多数 SCLC 肿瘤属于“免疫冷肿瘤”亚型,比“免疫热肿瘤”预后差(P=0.005 7)[28]。
10. 单细胞转录组测序(single cell RNA-sequencing,scRNA-seq) 及低深度 WGS 发现,具有瘤内异质性的患者具有更短无病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS,log-rank P=0.048 9) 和更高复发风险(log-rank P=0.037 1)。组织芯片免疫组化也证明,具有异质性亚型与不良 OS 相关(log-rank P=0.045 5)。大部分具有神经内分泌表型组织属于“免疫冷肿瘤”,“免疫热肿瘤”在一线纳武利尤单抗单药治疗中比“免疫冷肿瘤”具有生存获益趋势[29]。


📚 肺癌的分子诊断/分子分型

参考指南:
  • 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会.中国临床肿瘤学会 (CSCO) 小细胞肺癌诊疗指南2024.人民卫生出版社.北京 2024


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