一、指南制定方法学
本指南在《中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南》《2024CSCO 非小细胞肺癌诊疗指南》《Ⅳ期原发性肺癌中国治疗指南》《NCCN非小细胞肺癌临床实践指南2024.v2》等国内外最新指南与专家共识的基础上,结合本研究领域新发表的临床研究证据及实践经验,由专家组组长与执笔作者整理出初稿,其后由专家组成员对指南内容进行讨论、修改和投票,对指导意见进行推荐等级分类,制定出《中国肺癌免疫治疗规范化应用指南》,以期为肺癌领域各级临床医师提供具有循证依据的专业性、指导性意见,为患者提供更优质、规范化的治疗策略。
分别利用EMBASE、Pubmed、万方数据、中国知网数据库进行文献检索,其中英文检索 关 键词为("lung neoplasm" OR "lungcancer" OR "lung tumor" OR "lung carcinoma" OR "lungtumour" OR "lung neoplasms" OR "lung cancers" OR "lung tumors" OR "lung carcinomas" OR "lung tumours" OR "lung neoplasms" OR "carcinoma, non-small-cell lung" OR "non-small-cell lung carcinoma" OR "non small cell lung cancer" OR "non small cell lung carcinomas" OR NSCLC OR "small cell lung carcinoma" OR "small cell lung carcinoma" OR "small cell lung cancer" OR SCLC)AND("Immune checkpoint inhibitors" OR "Immune checkpoint inhibitor" OR "checkpoint inhibitor" OR "checkpoint inhibitors" OR "immune blockade" OR "immune blockades" OR "anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody" OR "anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies" OR "pd-1 inhibitor" OR"pd-1 inhibitors" OR "pd 1 inhibitor" OR "pd 1 inhibitors" OR "programmed cell death receptor-1 inhibitor" OR "programmed cell death receptor-1 inhibitors" OR "programmed cell death 1 receptor inhibitor" OR "programmed cell death 1 receptor inhibitors" OR "anti-pd-1antibody" OR "anti-pd-1 antibodies" OR tislelizumab OR pembrolizumab OR nivolumab OR Toripalimab OR sintilimab OR camrelizumab OR cemiplimab OR dostarlimab OR zimberelimab OR spartalizumab OR penpulimab OR prolgolimab OR retifanlimab OR sasanlimab OR balstilimab OR budigalimab OR genolimzumab OR relatlimab OR serplulimab OR cadonilimab OR pucotenlimab OR tebotelimab OR cetrelimab OR ivonescimab OR vudalimab OR ezabenlimab OR pimivalimab OR lorigerlimab OR "anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody" OR "anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies" OR "pd-l1 inhibitor" OR "pd-l1 inhibitors" OR "pd l1 inhibitor" OR "pd l1 inhibitors" OR "programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitor" OR "programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors" OR "anti-pd-l1 antibody" OR "anti-pd-l1 antibodies" OR "PD-L1 monoclonal antibody" OR "PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies" OR atezolizumab OR avelumab OR durvalumab OR socazolimab OR envafolimab OR sugemalimab OR envafolimab OR adebrelimab OR cosibelimab OR erfonrilimab OR "Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 Inhibitors" OR "Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 Inhibitor" OR "Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 Inhibitors" OR "Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 Inhibitor" OR "ctla-4 inhibitor" OR "ctla-4 inhibitors" OR "ctla 4 inhibitor" OR "ctla 4 inhibitors" OR ipilimumab OR tremelimumab OR cadonilimab OR erfonrilimab OR botensilimab OR quavonlimab OR zalifrelimab OR davoceticept OR "immunochemotherapies" OR "immunochemotherapy" OR "chemoimmunotherapies" OR "chemoimmunotherapy");中文检索词为(免疫检查点抑制剂或PD1 抑制剂或PD-1抑制剂或 PD-L1抑制剂或PDL1抑制剂或CTLA-4抑制剂或CTLA4抑制剂或PD1 单抗或PD-1单抗或PD-L1单抗或PDL1单抗或CTLA-4单抗或CTLA4单抗)与(肺癌或小细胞肺癌或非小细胞肺癌或NSCLC或SCLC)。检索出版时间为2012年1月1日至2024年10月31日。基于上述检索策略,获得各类型免疫治疗相关英文文献EMBASE数据库41 132篇,Pubmed数据库13 190 篇;万方数据库3 352篇,中国知网数据库1 343篇。本指南项目组预先设定了肺癌免疫治疗相关的系列问题,发给来自内科、外科、呼吸科、肿瘤科、放疗科等多科室的89位国家肿瘤质控中心肺癌质控专家委员会专家代表进行投票,收集投票结果,并请每位专家提供支持问题答案的证据和相关资料。在随后进行的共识研讨会上,参会专家对上述问题和循证医学证据进行了充分讨论,并进行第二轮投票。结合证据水平,参照美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)证据级别分类(表1),形成最终证据级别。推荐级别分类见表2。最终制定出《中国肺癌免疫治疗规范化应用指南(2024 版)》,以期为肺癌领域各级临床医师提供具有循证依据的专业性、指导性意见。
二、肺癌常用免疫治疗药物 (一)PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂
PD-1是一种主要表达在T细胞表面的抑制性受体,其配体PD-L1通常在树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和多种肿瘤细胞表面上表达。生理情况下,为预防自身免疫性炎症导致的组织损伤,活化的T细胞表面将表达PD-1,与PD-L1结合后可抑制T细胞活化,进而维持机体自身免疫耐受。然而在肿瘤的发生发展过程中,当T 细胞表面的PD-1与肿瘤细胞表面的PD-L1结合后,T细胞的活性、增殖水平及其介导的免疫反应将受到抑制,进而导致肿瘤细胞对T细胞免疫应答产生逃逸,且肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞也可广泛表达PD-L1,亦导致肿瘤细胞逃避免疫攻击。PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂则通过特异性阻断PD-1/PD-L1结合,解除T细胞抑制状态,从而建立有效的抗肿瘤应答。
迄今,已有多种PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂获得美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)和(或)中国国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration,NMPA)批准用于临床实践中(表3)。