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需警惕的病症 | | | 皮肤毒性 | | 瘙痒或皮疹等严重的皮肤irAEs可能是其他irAEs 的早期预警:在抗PD-(L)1/CTLA-4 治疗中,有 ICIs 引起的皮肤损害患者更容易发生其他irAEs,比如胃结肠炎和其他胃肠道 irAE;出现ICIs 相关银屑病的患者更容易产生内 分泌毒性[1] | 糖尿病 | 血糖升高、C 肽浓度下降[2]、口干、乏力、尿频、呕吐、腹痛、皮肤干燥、心率加快、 呼吸中有水果气味等 | 在发生 ICIs相关糖尿病时需警惕其他内分泌器官的irAE,如急性胰腺炎、胰腺外分泌障碍、垂体炎、结肠炎等[2] | 心肌炎 | 心悸、胸痛、慢性或急性心力衰竭[3];肌肉疼痛、无力[4] | 出现肌肉酸痛等肌炎症状时应尽快筛查心肌炎[4-5]。大多数的心肌炎病例有肌钙蛋白、NT-proBNP 的升高、心电图的改变。有时 ICIs 相关心肌炎的早期症状不典型,一例 经病理确诊的心肌炎早期临床表现仅为无明确病因的顽固恶心[6] | 垂体炎 | | 头痛可能是内分泌或神经系统irAEs的非特异性症状[7]。患者出现乏力时应排查甲状腺、垂体、肾上腺等内分泌系统[8-9]。急性发作的头痛、畏光、恶心呕吐、疲劳、肌无力、 低血压等可能与垂体炎有关 | 甲状腺炎 | | 甲状腺炎的大多数患者症状不明显,少部分可能有心动过速、震颤、焦虑、大而软的甲状腺等。而甲状腺功能减退 的患者通常由实验室检验识别,少数有乏力 | 结肠炎 | | 监测不良反应时,排便次数需与基线比较[10-11]。ICIs相关结肠炎可通过症状诊断[12],水样便、痉挛、腹痛、黏液便、血便、发热、夜间排便等可能与ICIs相关结肠炎有关,诊断时仍需排查感染和其他胃肠道出血原因(包括 消化性溃疡病所致出血) | 肺炎 | 呼吸急促、干咳或无症状的低氧血症,也可表现为发热、 胸痛 | ICIs 相关肺炎患者中,吸烟、伴有肺部基础疾病者可能预后更差[13] | 肝炎 | | 虽然 ICIs 相关肝炎通常在常规的转氨酶(AST 或ALT)监测中被发现,但更严重的患者可能出现发热、黄疸、右侧腹痛、尿色深、易出现瘀伤等症状[14] | 肌肉与关节毒性 | 肌肉无力、肌肉疼痛、站立或步行后的疲劳、绊倒或跌落;关节疼痛、肿胀、晨僵、局部皮温升高;乏力、肌肉或/和关节疼痛;头痛、头皮压痛、咀嚼时咀嚼肌疼痛 | 肌炎是较早出现、可能危及生命的irAEs之一[15-16]。常见症状有肌肉无力、肌肉疼痛、站立或步行后的疲劳、绊倒或跌倒等肌炎症状,关节疼痛、肿胀、晨僵、局部皮温升高等关节炎症状,风湿性多肌痛可表现为乏力、肌肉或/和关节疼痛(尤其是臀部、肩部);巨细胞动脉炎可表现为视觉症状、头痛、头皮压痛、咀嚼时咀嚼肌疼痛导致咀嚼暂停(jawclaudication) 等[11] | 神经系统毒性 | 头痛、畏光、颈部僵硬,肌无力,视物模糊、光过敏、气短等 | 无菌性脑膜炎可表现为头痛、畏光和颈部僵硬,通常无发热;无菌性脑膜炎通常精神状态正常,而脑炎则通常表现为意识模糊、行为改变、头痛、癫痫发作、短期记忆丧失、意识水平下降、局灶性无力和言语异常。戈林-巴利综合征通常表现为进行性、对称性的上行性肌无力伴深部腱反射消失或减弱。重症肌无力早期可表现为视物模糊、光过敏、四肢肌肉乏力、气短[17],典型表现为由近端发展至远端的进行性或波动性肌无力,可有延髓受累。周围神经病变通常表现为不对称或对称的感觉运动缺陷。也可以发生横贯性脊髓炎(急性、亚急性无力或双侧感觉改变,常伴有深部腱反射增强)[11]。发生重度肌无力时应警惕心肌炎[17-18]。脊髓性神经炎引起的胃肠道麻痹可能发展为 暴发性重度肠梗阻 | 眼毒性 | 视力模糊或扭曲、新发飞蚊症、眼睛发痒、盲点、色觉改变、畏光、压痛或疼痛、眼睑肿胀和眼球突出等 | |
参考指南: 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会.中国临床肿瘤学会 (CSCO) 免疫检查点抑制剂相关的毒性管理指南2023.人民卫生出版社.北京 2023
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