三 抗肿瘤药物临床试验的常用终点
抗肿瘤药物临床试验常用的终点依据来源可分为三类:基于死亡事件的终点,如OS及OS率;基于肿瘤测量的终点,如采用实体瘤疗效评价标准(response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,RECIST)评估的ORR,或基于RECIST和访视的至进展时间(time to progression,TTP)、PFS和至治疗失败时间(time to treatment failure,TTF)等;基于症状评估的终点如疼痛的减轻、生活质量(quality of life,QoL)等患者报告结果(patient report outcome,PRO)。终点的选择应结合肿瘤分期、既往治疗和起效特点等因素综合考量。
RCT是确证药物疗效最为可靠的方法,OS为反映抗肿瘤药物临床获益的金标准,通常作为RCT的主要终点。随着治疗手段的丰富,OS不断延长增加了评价难度,因此,单独PFS或PFS与OS共终点可被接受作为初治晚期NSCLC注册研究的主要终点。纳入复发难治或无标准治疗患者的RCT则仍推荐OS为主要终点。选定主要研究终点的同时应确定试验设计的设计——优效、非劣效或是等效设计。当对照组为标准治疗时,可接受优效、非劣效或等效设计,选择等效或非劣效假设时,申请人需要与监管部门沟通等效或非劣效界值;当为安慰剂对照或试验设计为加载设计(Add on)时,仅接受优效设计,安慰剂对照临床试验设计推荐联合最佳支持治疗(best support care,BSC),以提高对受试者的保护。在RCT试验中,监管机构鼓励以合理的替代终点和预设的期中分析支持批准,在多臂RCT、预设期中分析、共同主要终点或拟对主要终点多重检验的情况下,需保障复杂设计下主要终点的总体一类错误值,控制在双侧0.05以下。
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